Integration: A process to combine, and eventually expand.

Horizontal integration is the widening of a business at the same point in the supply chain. For example, supermarkets that are moving towards selling a larger variety of non-food items are increasing their level of horizontal integration.

Involves a merger or takeover between 2 organisations involved in the same line of business & still selling their range of goods or services. ( doesn't not give rise to any significant departure in any form)
Example: Airline takes over airline. Tour operator merges with tour operator. Travel agent takes over travel agent. - Thomas Cook taking over MyTravel. –A radio station that also owns a newspaper and magazine.

The advantages of horizontal integration can lie in reaching the customers (if you are already selling them one thing, use the opportunity to sell more) but can include economies of scale in purchasing, logistics and operations. Sources: moneyterms.co.uk
Synergies, since they are in the same line. & Increased in market power. Reduction in cost.

A synergy is a combination that has a greater effect than the combined parts.
This most common synergies are:
cost synergies — savings, generally through economies of scale.
Sales synergies - better reach through a larger sales force or expanded customer base, cross selling one product to buyers of another etc. Sources: moneyterms.co.uk

The Disadvantages:
•Costs
•Increased work load
•Increased Responsibilities
•Anti-trust issues
•Creating a monopoly


Vertical Integration: is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers.
Example:
Carnegie Steel Company owned mills where the steel was manufactured, mines where the iron ore was extracted, coal mines that supplied the coal, ships and railroads that transported the material, etc.
Advantages:
Reduce transportation cost
Improve supply chain coordination
More opportunities to differentiate by means of increased control of inputs
Capture upstream and downstream profits
Increase entry barriers to potiental competitors


Backward (upstream) vertical integration: this is when a company owns some of the subsidiaries hat produce some of the inputs used in the production of its products.
Example: When and automobile company owns a tire company
Forward vertical integration: this is when a company owns the subsidiaries that market the product.
Example is an movie studio that also owns a chain of theaters
Balanced Vertical Integration: is a company that sets up subsidiaries that supply them with inputs as well as market their product.

Disadvantages:
Capacity balancing: Making sure that inputs will match outputs at all levels
Decreased Flexibility
Developing new competencies may compromise existing competencies
Increase bureaucratic costs
Monopolization of markets - Sources: colordocte.com
Potentially higher cost due to the lack of supplier

Bureaucrat definition - dictionary.reference.com
–noun http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/tourism/business/activity/ownership.htm
1.
an official of a bureaucracy.
2.
an official who works by fixed routine without exercising intelligent judgment.

Environmental Impacts:

Las Vegas Could Run Dry by 2021. - If current climate trends continue and water usage is not cut back, Las Vegas’ largest water source could be completely dry within 13 years.

Water Wars: Quenching Las Vegas' Thirst -Las Vegas is a city with a ferocious thirst that it's having a hard time.


Going Green & Substainable Tourism:
Environmental concerns roadblock to renewable energy - Las Vegas Sun.

Local News :: Las Vegas CityLife - Thinking outside the globe.

Sustainable development - Making "green" an ECOnomically.

Las Vegas Tries to Prevent a Water Shortage - The debate over a plan to pump water out of the Nevada desert could be the next battle in the war over the West's most vital natural resource.

Google on: Las Vegas water problem; Las Vegas Environmental Impacts

KEY WORDS

Kangaroo Route : The Kangaroo Route is a term trademarked by Qantans. Denoting passenager airline flights between Europe and Australia or New Zealand; these flights generally have a stopover along the South East Asia flight corridor. However, because of agreements between the various governments along the route, the number of airlines allowed to fly the route has traditionally been restricted. The name refers not only to the kangaroo, native to Australia, but also to the fact that the journey was traditionally accomplished with at least two "hops" due to the stopovers, alluding to the kangaroo's means of locomotion. - Source: AllExpert

People are more familiar, & more comfortable with Singapore, Hong Kong or Bangkok as a stopping point, whether it be the fuel stop or an actual stop of a day or two.

Hub & Spoke:
Noun
1. hub-and-spoke - a system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available - Source: thefreedictionary
- Howstuffworks

Honey Pot Tourism: A tourist honeypot is a place, which attracts large numbers of tourists.

raison d'etre: is a phrase borrowed from French where it means "reason for being"
2.raison d'etre : the purpose that justifies a thing's existence. - Source: thefreedictionary

Dark Tourism: (also black tourism or grief tourism) is tourism involving travel to sites associated with death and suffering.

It is often claimed that tourism is the world largest industry in terms of size of its workforce. Tens of millions of people work in tourism, & even more aspire to gain employment in what is often seen as a glamourous industry.
Tourism is a diverse and complex element of the economy. It is not a single industry but encompassees a number of different sectors or industries. Which is difficult to generalize about employment in tourism.

Human resource challengers in the tourism industry today
High staff turnover
Many tourism organizations appear to find it difficult to attract & retain top class staff, particularly in the hotel sector, because of the following issues:
*The perception of low pay.
*The reputation of some parts of the tourism industry, notably hospitality, for discrimination on the grounds of sex & race.
*The long working hours involved in many jobs.
*The lack of clear career path.
*The often poor working conditions.

The turnover can be at a high cost, which can leads to poor customer services & greater costs for the industry through recruitment & training expenses.
Some of the most effective ways of reducing the turnover rates appear to br training, job enrichment & mentoring. However, it would be wrong to generaliz that high turnover is a problem throughout the tourism industry. It tends to be much less of an issue for the following:

*The airline sector where pay & working conditions are generally quite good.
*Government tourism organization which tend to offer better career paths & equitable salaries.
*Those small-medium-sized enterprises & family owned business.
*Locations with few other jobs opportunities, where alternatives jobs may involved.

Jobs or Carerrs ?
Many people seem to find it difficult to view a job in tourism as a career. & they are often seem as a short-term jobs. With few long-term prospects. As a result in :
*The facts that many jobs are seasonal, part-time, causal & do not pay enough to be some's sole source of income.
*A lack of training that would allow good staff to develop their skills over time, so they could be fitted into supervisory and management positions.
*Relatively few promotion opportunities for the 'best' frontline staffs.

This is an unfortunate because the future success of the industry may well develop on its ability to attract people who will stay within the industry for their whole careers.

Souce: International cases in tourism management Susan Horner & John Swarbrooke

One of the strongest growth areas in european tourism market in recent years has been the rises of 'clubbing & party tourism'. This phenomenon consists of large numbers of young people from northern europe taking vacations in Mediterranean destinations in the summer to 'party'.
It has taken the old 'sun, sand, sea, sex' tourism & added new elements to this experiences, namely music & dance culture, heavy consumpon of alcohol, drugs,daytime activities, notably watersports.
The rises of the new trend :
*The growing independence of young people in Northern Europea countries, who are able to take on holidays on their own, or with friends.
*The changing role of women in NE & the fact that woman can now behave in the same way as man in terms of drinking and casual sex.
*The development of clubbing and dance culture had become part of their everyday's life.
*Developed nightclubs in Mediterranean destination to attract tourists.
*Other ancillary services such as bars grow up to exploit the market.
*Tour operators packages this form of tourism for the tourist.

However , there are a number of important points to be made about the destinations for clubbing tourism:
*Clubbing destination are based on fashion and trendiness so they can rise in popularity & decline in popularity relatively quickly, with no apparent reason, other than fashionability.
*Once destination have become established as clubbing destination, it is difficult for them to re-position and move into new market.
*They are often difficulties in between market segment, as the lifestyles of young conflicts with that of older couples and families.

Some impacts of party & clubbing tourism on the destinations. ( In Mediterranean )
* There is no doubt that this form of tourism brings huge economic benefits to the destination. However, in general these benefits go to ba, club & fast food outlets owner rather than accommodation suppliers or cultural activities.
*Much of the income from party tourists is probably lost to the destination, particully the island, because many of the clubs and bars are owned by foreign-based companies & they tend to empoly labour from their own country who are in tune with the customers own culture.
*Faces some extra costs because of this form of tourism, because of the extra burden which the influx of tourists places on the local police and medical services.
*The presence of young foreign tourists can cause conflict with the local families if their children are tempted to join in with the party & develop 'romantic' links with some of the tourists.
*Causes environment problems, most notably litter & noise polluation.

Impacts of party & clubbing tourism on the tourists & their own country.
*Many of the tourists develop friendships & relationships which may continue after the holiday. - some of the tourist's lives are changed for ever by this experiences.
*It can also be harmful to the tourists, as the emphasis on casual sex can lead tourists suffering STD inculding HIV infections.
* The ready presence of drugs can lead some tourists into drugs.
*Leading to their country having a -VE images in the destination countries because of the behaviour of their young people.
*Reinforcing social problems such as heavy drinking among young people & violence.

Souce: International cases in tourism management Susan Horner & John Swarbrooke